---
title: “Wewahsta has lighted her lamp,” says the squaw mother as she sees t… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: “Wewahsta has lighted her lamp,” says the squaw mother as she sees the evening star. Who acts: Wewahsta, squaw mother. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, IX. Weenk the Sleep-bringer and His Warriors, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of ev
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, IX. Weenk the Sleep-bringer and His Warriors, sentence 22

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“Wewahsta has lighted her lamp,” says the squaw mother as she sees the evening star.

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**Who acts:** Wewahsta, squaw mother · **What happens:** light, say, see · **To what, where:** lamp, evening star · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, IX. Weenk the Sleep-bringer and His Warriors. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Wewahsta, squaw mother), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:34:22
# text = “Wewahsta has lighted her lamp,” says the squaw mother as she sees the evening star.
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Wewahsta	Wewahsta	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	lighted	light	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	9	ccomp	_	_
5	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	lamp	lamp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
9	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	squaw	squaw	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	mother	mother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
13	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
14	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
15	sees	see	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	evening	evening	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	star	star	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **light** *in a quote* | present · perfect | Wewahsta | Wewahsta's lamp |  |  |  |  | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lamp=Product |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | the squaw mother |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **see** | present | Wewahsta | the evening star |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer star=Stimulus |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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