---
title: The dirt fell into the hole behind him and shut him in with the porc… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The dirt fell into the hole behind him and shut him in with the porcupines. Who acts: dirt. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XV. the Good Bear and the Lost Boy, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XV. the Good Bear and the Lost Boy, sentence 4

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The dirt fell into the hole behind him and shut him in with the porcupines.

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**Who acts:** dirt · **What happens:** fall, shut · **To what, where:** hole, boy

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XV. the Good Bear and the Lost Boy. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (dirt), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:40:4
# text = The dirt fell into the hole behind him and shut him in with the porcupines.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	dirt	dirt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	hole	hole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	behind	behind	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nmod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	shut	shut	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
11	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	obj	_	_
12	in	in	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
13	with	with	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	porcupines	porcupine	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall** | past | the dirt |  |  |  |  | into the hole behind boy *result* | vn become-109.1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient into hole=Result |
| 2 | **shut** | past | the dirt *not said here* | boy |  |  |  | with the porcupines | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent he=Patient with porcupine=Instrument |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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