---
title: The rapids were near, and the dashing water carried her little boat… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The rapids were near, and the dashing water carried her little boat down the rapids to the falls of the great waters. Who acts: rapids. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XVI. Legend of Niagara Falls, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of e
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XVI. Legend of Niagara Falls, sentence 17

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The rapids were near, and the dashing water carried her little boat down the rapids to the falls of the great waters.

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**Who acts:** rapids · **What happens:** be, dash, carry · **To what, where:** little boat, falls

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XVI. Legend of Niagara Falls. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (rapids), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:41:17
# text = The rapids were near, and the dashing water carried her little boat down the rapids to the falls of the great waters.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	rapids	rapid	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	near	near	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	dashing	dash	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	amod	_	_
9	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	carried	carry	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
12	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	boat	boat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
14	down	down	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	rapids	rapid	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	_
17	to	to	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	falls	fall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	waters	water	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past |  |  |  |  |  | near *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **dash** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **carry** | past | the rapids | water's little boat |  | the falls of the great waters |  | down the rapids; the dashing water *nsubj* | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent boat=Theme to fall=Destination |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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