---
title: He caught the boat before it was dashed to pieces on the rocks, and… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: He caught the boat before it was dashed to pieces on the rocks, and carried White Cloud to his cave behind the falling waters. Who acts: Hinun. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XVI. Legend of Niagara Falls, with its dependency tree and the pragmat
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XVI. Legend of Niagara Falls, sentence 22

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He caught the boat before it was dashed to pieces on the rocks, and carried White Cloud to his cave behind the falling waters.

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**Who acts:** Hinun · **What happens:** catch, dash, carry, fall · **To what, where:** boat, White Cloud, falling waters

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XVI. Legend of Niagara Falls. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Hinun), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:41:22
# text = He caught the boat before it was dashed to pieces on the rocks, and carried White Cloud to his cave behind the falling waters.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	caught	catch	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	boat	boat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	dashed	dash	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	advcl	_	_
9	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	pieces	piece	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
11	on	on	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	carried	carry	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
17	White	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	Cloud	Cloud	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
19	to	to	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	21	nmod:poss	_	_
21	cave	cave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	_
22	behind	behind	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
24	falling	fall	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	25	amod	_	_
25	waters	water	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **catch** | past | Hinun | the boat |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent boat=Theme |
| 2 | **dash** | past · passive |  | boat |  |  |  | to pieces on the rocks *result* | vn hit-18.1 «NP V NP PP.result»: subject=Patient to piece=Result |
| 3 | **carry** | past | Hinun *not said here* | White Cloud |  | the falling waters |  | to Hinun's cave | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent cloud=Theme to cave=Destination |
| 4 | **fall** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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