---
title: There was an evil spirit under the ground on which her people lived. — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: There was an evil spirit under the ground on which her people lived. Who acts: evil spirit, people. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XVI. Legend of Niagara Falls, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XVI. Legend of Niagara Falls, sentence 26

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There was an evil spirit under the ground on which her people lived.

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**Who acts:** evil spirit, people · **What happens:** be, live · **To what, where:** ground

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XVI. Legend of Niagara Falls. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (evil spirit, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:41:26
# text = There was an evil spirit under the ground on which her people lived.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	evil	evil	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	spirit	spirit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
6	under	under	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
9	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	obl	_	_
11	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
13	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | a evil spirit |  |  | the ground; there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme under ground=Location |
| 2 | **live** | past | spirit's people |  |  | the ground |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on which=Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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