---
title: She shed many tears when the war chief was gone. — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: She shed many tears when the war chief was gone. Who acts: Cloud, war chief. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XVI. Legend of Niagara Falls, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XVI. Legend of Niagara Falls, sentence 7

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She shed many tears when the war chief was gone.

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**Who acts:** Cloud, war chief · **What happens:** shed, be · **To what, where:** many tears

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XVI. Legend of Niagara Falls. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Cloud, war chief), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:41:7
# text = She shed many tears when the war chief was gone.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	shed	shed	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	tears	tear	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	10	mark	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	war	war	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	chief	chief	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
9	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	gone	gone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shed** | past | Cloud | many tears |  |  |  |  | vn substance\_emission-43.4-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location tear=Source |
| 2 | **is** | past | the war chief |  |  |  |  | gone *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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