---
title: The old chiefs tell the young men, and all who will listen, that two… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The old chiefs tell the young men, and all who will listen, that two great spirits rule the world. Who acts: old chiefs, all, two great spirits. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XIX. the Marriage of Mondahmin, with its dependency tree and the prag
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XIX. the Marriage of Mondahmin, sentence 2

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The old chiefs tell the young men, and all who will listen, that two great spirits rule the world.

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**Who acts:** old chiefs, all, two great spirits · **What happens:** tell, listen, rule · **To what, where:** young men, world · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XIX. the Marriage of Mondahmin. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (old chiefs, all, two great spirits), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:44:2
# text = The old chiefs tell the young men, and all who will listen, that two great spirits rule the world.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	chiefs	chief	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	tell	tell	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	young	young	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
10	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	13	nsubj	_	_
11	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	13	nsubj	_	_
12	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	listen	listen	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
15	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	19	mark	_	_
16	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	18	nummod	_	_
17	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	spirits	spirit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nsubj	_	_
19	rule	rule	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	parataxis	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tell** *speech: assert* | present | the old chiefs |  | the young men |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent man=Recipient |
| 2 | **listen** | future | all |  |  |  |  | who *nsubj* | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **rule** | present | two great spirits | the world |  |  |  |  | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent world=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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