---
title: The canoe leaped over the falls, and Ampata and her two children pas… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The canoe leaped over the falls, and Ampata and her two children passed to the Happy Hunting Ground of the other world. Who acts: canoe. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, A Legend of Minnehaha Falls, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of e
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, A Legend of Minnehaha Falls, sentence 25

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The canoe leaped over the falls, and Ampata and her two children passed to the Happy Hunting Ground of the other world.

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**Who acts:** canoe · **What happens:** leap, pass · **To what, where:** canoe, falls, Ampata, Happy Hunting Ground

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, A Legend of Minnehaha Falls. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (canoe), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:46:25
# text = The canoe leaped over the falls, and Ampata and her two children passed to the Happy Hunting Ground of the other world.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	canoe	canoe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	leaped	leap	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	over	over	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	falls	fall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
9	Ampata	Ampata	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nsubj:pass	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
11	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
12	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	13	nummod	_	_
13	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	_
14	passed	pass	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
15	to	to	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
17	Happy	happy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
18	Hunting	Hunting	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	_
19	Ground	Ground	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leap** | participle |  | the canoe *not said here* |  | the falls |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over fall=Trajectory |
| 2 | **pass** | participle · passive | the canoe *not said here* | Ampata and wife's two children | the Happy Hunting Ground of the other world |  |  |  | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: subject=Theme to ground=Recipient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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