---
title: The little family went in the winter with their tribe farther south,… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The little family went in the winter with their tribe farther south, and the smoke of their village fires could be seen for many miles. Who acts: little family, village fires, children. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, A Legend of Minnehaha Falls,
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, A Legend of Minnehaha Falls, sentence 4

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The little family went in the winter with their tribe farther south, and the smoke of their village fires could be seen for many miles.

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**Who acts:** little family, village fires, children · **What happens:** go, see, smoke, fire · **To what, where:** smoke

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, A Legend of Minnehaha Falls. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (little family, village fires, children), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:46:4
# text = The little family went in the winter with their tribe farther south, and the smoke of their village fires could be seen for many miles.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	family	family	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	tribe	tribe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
11	farther	far	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	10	amod	_	_
12	south	south	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	smoke	smoke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nsubj:pass	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
18	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	20	nmod:poss	_	_
19	village	village	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	compound	_	_
20	fires	fire	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nmod	_	_
21	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
22	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	aux:pass	_	_
23	seen	see	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	parataxis	_	_
24	for	for	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	_
26	miles	mile	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | the little family |  |  |  | winter | with children's tribe | vn help-72.1-2 «NP V PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent with tribe=Beneficiary |
| 2 | **see** | could · passive |  | the smoke of children's village fires |  |  |  | for many miles | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus |
| 3 | **smoke** |  | children's village fires |  |  |  |  |  | nom smoke «phenomenon intransitive»: of=agent |
| 4 | **fire** |  | children *= child* |  |  |  |  |  | nom fire «event transitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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