---
title: He saw ahead of him a new path covered with flowers; this showed tha… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: He saw ahead of him a new path covered with flowers; this showed that he was near the end of his journey. Who acts: snow, this. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXIV. the White Stone Canoe, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clau
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XXIV. the White Stone Canoe, sentence 28

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He saw ahead of him a new path covered with flowers; this showed that he was near the end of his journey.

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**Who acts:** snow, this · **What happens:** see, cover, show, be, journey · **To what, where:** new path, end · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXIV. the White Stone Canoe. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (snow, this), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:49:28
# text = He saw ahead of him a new path covered with flowers; this showed that he was near the end of his journey.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	ahead	ahead	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	obl	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	path	path	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
9	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	acl	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	flowers	flower	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
13	this	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	14	nsubj	_	_
14	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
15	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	20	mark	_	_
16	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	nsubj	_	_
17	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	20	cop	_	_
18	near	near	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	ccomp	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	23	nmod:poss	_	_
23	journey	journey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | snow | a new path |  |  |  | of trail; ahead *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer path=Stimulus |
| 2 | **cover** | participle |  | a new path *not said here* |  |  |  | with flowers | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent with flower=Theme |
| 3 | **show** | past | this |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **is** | past | snow |  |  |  | near the end | of snow's journey | tree rules |
| 5 | **journey** |  | snow |  |  |  |  |  | nom journey «act transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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