---
title: He saw no one, but a beautiful canoe of shining white stone was tied… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: He saw no one, but a beautiful canoe of shining white stone was tied to a rock at his feet, and a shining paddle lay in it. Who acts: rabbit, beautiful canoe, shining paddle. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXIV. the White Stone Canoe, with its d
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XXIV. the White Stone Canoe, sentence 58

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He saw no one, but a beautiful canoe of shining white stone was tied to a rock at his feet, and a shining paddle lay in it.

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**Who acts:** rabbit, beautiful canoe, shining paddle · **What happens:** see, shine, tie, lie · **To what, where:** one, white stone, beautiful canoe, canoe

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXIV. the White Stone Canoe. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (rabbit, beautiful canoe, shining paddle), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:49:58
# text = He saw no one, but a beautiful canoe of shining white stone was tied to a rock at his feet, and a shining paddle lay in it.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	4	det	_	_
4	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
6	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	beautiful	beautiful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	canoe	canoe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj:pass	_	_
10	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
11	shining	shine	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	acl	_	_
12	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	aux:pass	_	_
15	tied	tie	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	_
16	to	to	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
19	at	at	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	21	nmod:poss	_	_
21	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
24	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
25	shining	shine	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	26	amod	_	_
26	paddle	paddle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	nsubj	_	_
27	lay	lie	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
28	in	in	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	27	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | rabbit | no one |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer one=Stimulus |
| 2 | **shine** | gerund | a beautiful canoe *not said here* | white stone |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent stone=Theme |
| 3 | **tie** | past · passive |  | a beautiful canoe |  |  |  | to a rock at rabbit's feet | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: subject=Patient to rock=Co-Patient |
| 4 | **shine** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **lie** | past | a shining paddle |  |  | canoe |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in it=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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