---
title: The white missionaries adopted his letters and made a Bible which wa… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The white missionaries adopted his letters and made a Bible which was read by all these Indian students. Who acts: white missionaries, Indian students, man. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Books in the Indian Language, with its dependency tree an
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Books in the Indian Language, sentence 18

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The white missionaries adopted his letters and made a Bible which was read by all these Indian students.

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**Who acts:** white missionaries, Indian students, man · **What happens:** adopt, make, read, letter · **To what, where:** letters, Bible

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Books in the Indian Language. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (white missionaries, Indian students, man), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:5:18
# text = The white missionaries adopted his letters and made a Bible which was read by all these Indian students.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	missionaries	missionary	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	adopted	adopt	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	Bible	Bible	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nsubj:pass	_	_
11	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	nsubj:pass	_	_
12	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	read	read	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	parataxis	_	_
14	by	by	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
15	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	18	det:predet	_	_
16	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	18	det	_	_
17	Indian	Indian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	students	student	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **adopt** | past | the white missionaries | man's letters |  |  |  |  | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent letter=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | past | the white missionaries *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 3 | **read** | past · passive | all Indian students | a Bible |  |  |  | which *nsubj:pass* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Topic |
| 4 | **letter** |  | man |  |  |  |  |  | nom letter «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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