---
title: There was no rain, and the hunters had no water; they lost their str… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: There was no rain, and the hunters had no water; they lost their strength and could not walk on the trail. Who acts: rain, hunters. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXVI. the North Star, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XXVI. the North Star, sentence 21

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There was no rain, and the hunters had no water; they lost their strength and could not walk on the trail.

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**Who acts:** rain, hunters · **What happens:** be, have, lose, not walk · **To what, where:** water, strength, trail

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXVI. the North Star. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (rain, hunters), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:51:21
# text = There was no rain, and the hunters had no water; they lost their strength and could not walk on the trail.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	4	det	_	_
4	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	hunters	hunter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
9	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
10	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	11	det	_	_
11	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
13	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
14	lost	lose	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
15	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	strength	strength	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
18	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	20	aux	_	_
19	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	20	advmod	_	_
20	walk	walk	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	conj	_	_
21	on	on	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	trail	trail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | no rain |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **have** | past | the hunters | no water |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Patient |
| 3 | **lose** | past | hunters *= hunter* | hunters's strength |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent strength=Eventuality |
| 4 | **not** **walk** | could | hunters *= hunter* *not said here* |  |  | the trail |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on trail=Trajectory |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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