---
title: The hunters had nothing to eat; they had no water, for there was non… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The hunters had nothing to eat; they had no water, for there was none; they were lost in the thick forest. Who acts: hunters, none. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXVI. the North Star, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XXVI. the North Star, sentence 4

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The hunters had nothing to eat; they had no water, for there was none; they were lost in the thick forest.

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**Who acts:** hunters, none · **What happens:** have, eat, be, lose · **To what, where:** nothing, water, hunters, thick forest

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXVI. the North Star. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (hunters, none), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:51:4
# text = The hunters had nothing to eat; they had no water, for there was none; they were lost in the thick forest.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	hunters	hunter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	nothing	nothing	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	3	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	eat	eat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
10	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	11	det	_	_
11	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
14	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	15	expl	_	_
15	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	parataxis	_	_
16	none	none	PRON	NN	PronType=Neg	15	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
18	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	nsubj	_	_
19	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	20	aux:pass	_	_
20	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
21	in	in	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
23	thick	thick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	forest	forest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the hunters | nothing |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nothing=Patient |
| 2 | **eat** | to-infinitive | the hunters *not said here* | nothing *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **have** | past | hunters *= hunter* | no water |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Patient |
| 4 | **be** | past | none |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **lose** | past · passive |  | hunters *= hunter* |  | the thick forest |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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