---
title: The Northern Lights were closely watched by the Iroquois. — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The Northern Lights were closely watched by the Iroquois. Who acts: Iroquois. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXXIV. the Echo God and the Northern Lights, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XXXIV. the Echo God and the Northern Lights, sentence 17

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The Northern Lights were closely watched by the Iroquois.

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**Who acts:** Iroquois · **What happens:** watch · **To what, where:** Northern Lights

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXXIV. the Echo God and the Northern Lights. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Iroquois), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:59:17
# text = The Northern Lights were closely watched by the Iroquois.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Northern	northern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	Lights	Light	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
5	closely	closely	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	watched	watch	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	Iroquois	Iroquois	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **watch** | past · passive | the Iroquois | the Northern Lights |  |  |  | closely *property* | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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