---
title: They did this very boldly, for they never believed that strange nati… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: They did this very boldly, for they never believed that strange nations could hear or understand them or the echo’s answer. Who acts: warriors, strange nations, echo. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXXIV. the Echo God and the Northern Lights, wi
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XXXIV. the Echo God and the Northern Lights, sentence 5

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They did this very boldly, for they never believed that strange nations could hear or understand them or the echo’s answer.

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**Who acts:** warriors, strange nations, echo · **What happens:** do, not believe, hear, understand, answer · **To what, where:** this, warriors · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXXIV. the Echo God and the Northern Lights. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (warriors, strange nations, echo), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:59:5
# text = They did this very boldly, for they never believed that strange nations could hear or understand them or the echo’s answer.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	did	do	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	this	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	obj	_	_
4	very	very	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	boldly	boldly	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
8	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	10	advmod	_	_
10	believed	believe	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
11	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
12	strange	strange	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	nations	nation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nsubj	_	_
14	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
15	hear	hear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	ccomp	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	understand	understand	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	conj	_	_
18	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	obj	_	_
19	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	echo	echo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	’s	's	PART	POS	_	21	case	_	_
23	answer	answer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | past | warriors *= warrior* | this |  |  |  | boldly *property* | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent this=Eventuality |
| 2 | **not** **believe** | past | warriors *= warrior* |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 3 | **hear** | could | strange nations |  |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **understand** | infinitive | strange nations *not said here* | warriors *= warrior* |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer they=Stimulus |
| 5 | **answer** |  | the echo |  |  |  |  |  | nom answer «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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