---
title: The Indians made and still make excellent canoes of bark or of logs… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The Indians made and still make excellent canoes of bark or of logs and even of skins. Who acts: Indians. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Some Things the Indians Knew Before White Men Came, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every cla
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Some Things the Indians Knew Before White Men Came, sentence 1

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The Indians made and still make excellent canoes of bark or of logs and even of skins.

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**Who acts:** Indians · **What happens:** make · **To what, where:** excellent canoes

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Some Things the Indians Knew Before White Men Came. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Indians), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:6:1
# text = The Indians made and still make excellent canoes of bark or of logs and even of skins.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Indians	Indian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
5	still	still	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	make	make	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
7	excellent	excellent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	canoes	canoe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	bark	bark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	logs	log	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	conj	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
15	even	even	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	skins	skin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the Indians |  |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **make** | present | the Indians *not said here* | excellent canoes of bark or logs and skins |  |  | still |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset canoe=Product |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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