---
title: In the ruined houses of the cliff-dwellers of Texas and Arizona frag… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: In the ruined houses of the cliff-dwellers of Texas and Arizona fragments of cloth woven from cotton and other substances have been found. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Some Things the Indians Knew Before White Men Came, with its dependency tre
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Some Things the Indians Knew Before White Men Came, sentence 20

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In the ruined houses of the cliff-dwellers of Texas and Arizona fragments of cloth woven from cotton and other substances have been found.

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**What happens:** ruin, weave, find · **To what, where:** cloth, cotton, ruined houses

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Some Things the Indians Knew Before White Men Came. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:6:20
# text = In the ruined houses of the cliff-dwellers of Texas and Arizona fragments of cloth woven from cotton and other substances have been found.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	ruined	ruin	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	amod	_	_
4	houses	house	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	obl	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
7	cliff	cliff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	dwellers	dweller	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	Texas	Texas	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	Arizona	Arizona	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	fragments	fragment	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	conj	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	cloth	cloth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	_
17	woven	weave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	acl	_	_
18	from	from	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	cotton	cotton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
21	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	substances	substance	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	conj	_	_
23	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	25	aux	_	_
24	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	25	aux:pass	_	_
25	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	25	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ruin** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **weave** | participle |  | cloth *not said here* |  | cotton and other substances |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme from cotton=Trajectory |
| 3 | **find** | present · perfect · passive |  |  |  | the ruined houses of the cliff dwellers of Texas and Arizona fragments of cloth |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF» |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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