---
title: Clay dishes, mortars, and pestles of stone, large sea-shells cut int… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: Clay dishes, mortars, and pestles of stone, large sea-shells cut into shapes for holding food, stone axes, and knives show some of the skill of these early Americans. Who acts: Clay dishes. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Some Things the Indians 
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Some Things the Indians Knew Before White Men Came, sentence 22

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Clay dishes, mortars, and pestles of stone, large sea-shells cut into shapes for holding food, stone axes, and knives show some of the skill of these early Americans.

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**Who acts:** Clay dishes · **What happens:** cut, hold, show · **To what, where:** large sea shells, food, some

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Some Things the Indians Knew Before White Men Came. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Clay dishes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:6:22
# text = Clay dishes, mortars, and pestles of stone, large sea-shells cut into shapes for holding food, stone axes, and knives show some of the skill of these early Americans.
1	Clay	clay	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	dishes	dish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	mortars	mortar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	pestles	pestle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
12	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	shells	shell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
15	cut	cut	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	acl	_	_
16	into	into	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	shapes	shape	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obl	_	_
18	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	19	mark	_	_
19	holding	hold	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	15	advcl	_	_
20	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
22	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	_
23	axes	ax	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
26	knives	knife	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	nsubj	_	_
27	show	show	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
28	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	27	obj	_	_
29	of	of	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	skill	skill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nmod	_	_
32	of	of	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
33	these	this	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	35	nsubj	_	_
34	early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	35	amod	_	_
35	Americans	American	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	31	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	27	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cut** | participle |  | large sea shells *not said here* |  |  |  | into shapes | vn cut-21.1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent into shape=Patient |
| 2 | **hold** | gerund |  | food and stone axes |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent food=Theme |
| 3 | **show** | present | Clay dishes and mortars and pestles of stone and large sea shells | some of the skill of early Americans  these |  |  |  | knives *nsubj* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent some=Recipient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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