---
title: When the four logs were burned and the four cold moons had passed, S… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: When the four logs were burned and the four cold moons had passed, Shingebis still laughed and sang in his lodge by the water. Who acts: Shingebis. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXXVII. the North Wind’s Defeat, with its dependency tree and the 
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XXXVII. the North Wind’s Defeat, sentence 42

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When the four logs were burned and the four cold moons had passed, Shingebis still laughed and sang in his lodge by the water.

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**Who acts:** Shingebis · **What happens:** burn, pass, laugh, sing · **To what, where:** four logs, four cold moons, lodge

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXXVII. the North Wind’s Defeat. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Shingebis), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:62:42
# text = When the four logs were burned and the four cold moons had passed, Shingebis still laughed and sang in his lodge by the water.
1	When	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	6	mark	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	logs	log	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	burned	burn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	17	advcl	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
9	four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	_
10	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	moons	moon	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj:pass	_	_
12	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	passed	pass	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
15	Shingebis	Shingebis	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	_
16	still	still	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	laughed	laugh	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	sang	sing	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	conj	_	_
20	in	in	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	22	nmod:poss	_	_
22	lodge	lodge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
23	by	by	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	17	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **burn** | past · passive |  | the four logs |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V NP.theme»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **pass** | past · perfect · passive |  | the four cold moons |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V NP»: subject=Trajectory |
| 3 | **laugh** | past | Shingebis |  |  |  | still |  | vn nonverbal\_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **sing** *speech: express* | past | Shingebis *not said here* |  |  | Shingebis's lodge |  | by the water | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in lodge=Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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