---
title: And he had to say: “I tore some of the shells from the faces of help… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: And he had to say: “I tore some of the shells from the faces of helpless squaws; from their noses and from their lips. Who acts: tamanous. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXXVIII. a Rip Van Winkle, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of e
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XXXVIII. a Rip Van Winkle, sentence 19

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And he had to say: “I tore some of the shells from the faces of helpless squaws; from their noses and from their lips.

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**Who acts:** tamanous · **What happens:** have, say, tore · **To what, where:** noses, some · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXXVIII. a Rip Van Winkle. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (tamanous), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:63:19
# text = And he had to say: “I tore some of the shells from the faces of helpless squaws; from their noses and from their lips.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	say	say	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
7	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	tore	tore	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	ccomp	_	_
10	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	9	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	shells	shell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
14	from	from	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	faces	face	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nmod	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	helpless	helpless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	squaws	squaw	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	23	punct	_	_
21	from	from	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	23	nmod:poss	_	_
23	noses	nose	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
25	from	from	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	27	nmod:poss	_	_
27	lips	lip	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | tamanous |  |  | squaws's noses and noses's lips |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive | tamanous *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **tore** *in a quote* | past | tamanous | some of the shells from the faces of helpless squaws |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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