---
title: The hunter walked on the crackling snow until he reached these three… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The hunter walked on the crackling snow until he reached these three rocks. Who acts: hunter, tamanous. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXXVIII. a Rip Van Winkle, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XXXVIII. a Rip Van Winkle, sentence 52

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The hunter walked on the crackling snow until he reached these three rocks.

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**Who acts:** hunter, tamanous · **What happens:** walk, reach · **To what, where:** crackling snow, three rocks

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XXXVIII. a Rip Van Winkle. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (hunter, tamanous), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:63:52
# text = The hunter walked on the crackling snow until he reached these three rocks.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	hunter	hunter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	walked	walk	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	crackling	crackling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	snow	snow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
9	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	reached	reach	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
11	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	13	det	_	_
12	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	13	nummod	_	_
13	rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **walk** | past | the hunter |  |  | the crackling snow |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on snow=Trajectory |
| 2 | **reach** | past | tamanous | this three rocks |  |  |  |  | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent rock=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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