---
title: He heard the dry bushes crackle and crept to the place where Mukwa h… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: He heard the dry bushes crackle and crept to the place where Mukwa had been. Who acts: Mukwa, dry bushes. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XL. the Magic Moccasins, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XL. the Magic Moccasins, sentence 8

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He heard the dry bushes crackle and crept to the place where Mukwa had been.

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**Who acts:** Mukwa, dry bushes · **What happens:** hear, crackle, creep · **To what, where:** place · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XL. the Magic Moccasins. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Mukwa, dry bushes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:65:8
# text = He heard the dry bushes crackle and crept to the place where Mukwa had been.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	dry	dry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	bushes	bush	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	crackle	crackle	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	crept	creep	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
9	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
12	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	15	advmod	_	_
13	Mukwa	Mukwa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
14	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
15	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	11	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hear** | past | Mukwa |  |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 2 | **crackle** | present | the dry bushes |  |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **creep** | past | Mukwa *not said here* |  |  | the place |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme to place=Destination |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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