---
title: The Indian boy covered his face and lay still upon the mat. — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The Indian boy covered his face and lay still upon the mat. Who acts: Indian boy. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XLI. Opechee the Robin Redbreast, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XLI. Opechee the Robin Redbreast, sentence 20

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The Indian boy covered his face and lay still upon the mat.

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**Who acts:** Indian boy · **What happens:** cover, lay · **To what, where:** face, mat

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XLI. Opechee the Robin Redbreast. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Indian boy), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:66:20
# text = The Indian boy covered his face and lay still upon the mat.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Indian	Indian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	covered	cover	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	lay	lay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	conj	_	_
9	still	still	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
10	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	mat	mat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | past | the Indian boy | boy's face |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent face=Destination |
| 2 | **lay** | infinitive | the Indian boy *not said here* |  |  | the mat | still |  | vn put\_spatial-9.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent upon mat=Destination |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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