---
title: We know from many Indian customs and from their records, for they ha… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: We know from many Indian customs and from their records, for they have kept many records, that the red men lived in America for hundreds of years before Columbus came. Who acts: We, red men, Columbus, customs. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Mena
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Menabozho, or the Great White Hare, sentence 28

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We know from many Indian customs and from their records, for they have kept many records, that the red men lived in America for hundreds of years before Columbus came.

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**Who acts:** We, red men, Columbus, customs · **What happens:** know, keep, live, come, record · **To what, where:** many Indian customs, records, America

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Menabozho, or the Great White Hare. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (We, red men, Columbus, customs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:69:28
# text = We know from many Indian customs and from their records, for they have kept many records, that the red men lived in America for hundreds of years before Columbus came.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	know	know	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	Indian	Indian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	customs	custom	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	records	record	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
13	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj:pass	_	_
14	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
15	kept	keep	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	parataxis	_	_
16	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	records	record	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
19	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	23	mark	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
21	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	nsubj	_	_
23	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	conj	_	_
24	in	in	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	America	America	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	_
26	for	for	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
27	hundreds	hundred	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	obl	_	_
28	of	of	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	nmod	_	_
30	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	32	mark	_	_
31	Columbus	Columbus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	32	nsubj	_	_
32	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **know** | present | We |  |  | many Indian customs and customs's records |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **keep** | present · perfect · passive |  | records *= record* |  |  |  | many records *obj* | vn sustain-55.6-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Theme record=Attribute |
| 3 | **live** | past | the red men |  |  | America |  | for hundreds of years | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in america=Location |
| 4 | **come** | past | Columbus |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **record** |  | customs *= custom* |  |  |  |  |  | nom record «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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