---
title: Fine fields of corn, squashes, and beans were planted and harvested… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: Fine fields of corn, squashes, and beans were planted and harvested by these fort dwellers, and they knew well how to protect themselves from intruders, for they had hundreds of stones and even huge rocks piled inside the fort ready to hurl at an enemy. Who acts: Fine fields, beans, fields. A senten
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, How the Iroquois Built Their Log Forts, sentence 14

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Fine fields of corn, squashes, and beans were planted and harvested by these fort dwellers, and they knew well how to protect themselves from intruders, for they had hundreds of stones and even huge rocks piled inside the fort ready to hurl at an enemy.

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**Who acts:** Fine fields, beans, fields · **What happens:** squash, plant, harvest, know, protect, have · **To what, where:** beans, hundreds, huge rocks, fort, enemy

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, How the Iroquois Built Their Log Forts. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Fine fields, beans, fields), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:7:14
# text = Fine fields of corn, squashes, and beans were planted and harvested by these fort dwellers, and they knew well how to protect themselves from intruders, for they had hundreds of stones and even huge rocks piled inside the fort ready to hurl at an enemy.
1	Fine	fine	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	fields	field	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	corn	corn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	squashes	squash	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	beans	bean	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
10	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	planted	plant	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	parataxis	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	harvested	harvest	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	conj	_	_
14	by	by	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	17	det	_	_
16	fort	fort	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	dwellers	dweller	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
20	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
21	knew	know	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	parataxis	_	_
22	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	21	advmod	_	_
23	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	25	advmod	_	_
24	to	to	PART	TO	_	25	mark	_	_
25	protect	protect	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	advcl	_	_
26	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	25	obj	_	_
27	from	from	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	intruders	intruder	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	32	punct	_	_
30	for	for	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	32	nsubj	_	_
32	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	conj	_	_
33	hundreds	hundred	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	32	obj	_	_
34	of	of	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
35	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	nmod	_	_
36	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	39	cc	_	_
37	even	even	ADV	RB	_	39	advmod	_	_
38	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	39	amod	_	_
39	rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	35	conj	_	_
40	piled	pile	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	39	acl	_	_
41	inside	inside	ADP	IN	_	43	case	_	_
42	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	43	det	_	_
43	fort	fort	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	40	obl	_	_
44	ready	ready	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	40	xcomp	_	_
45	to	to	PART	TO	_	46	mark	_	_
46	hurl	hurl	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	44	xcomp	_	_
47	at	at	ADP	IN	_	49	case	_	_
48	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	49	det	_	_
49	enemy	enemy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	46	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
50	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **squash** | present | Fine fields of corn |  |  |  |  |  | vn bump-18.4-1 «NP V together»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **plant** | past · passive |  | beans |  |  |  |  | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 3 | **harvest** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | by this fort dwellers | tree rules |
| 4 | **know** | past | beans *= bean* |  |  |  |  | well *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 5 | **protect** | to-infinitive | beans *= bean* *not said here* | beans *= bean* |  |  |  | from intruders | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent themselves=Beneficiary from intruder=Theme |
| 6 | **have** | past | fields *= field* | hundreds of stones and huge rocks |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hundred=Patient |
| 7 | **pile** | participle |  | huge rocks *not said here* |  | the fort |  | ready *property* | vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme inside fort=Destination |
| 8 | **hurl** | to-infinitive |  |  |  | a enemy |  |  | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent at enemy=Destination |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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