---
title: We must do as our fathers have done or the spirits of the dead will… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: We must do as our fathers have done or the spirits of the dead will punish us. Who acts: We, spirits. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, VII. the Thunder-bird of the Dakotas, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, VII. the Thunder-bird of the Dakotas, sentence 22

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We must do as our fathers have done or the spirits of the dead will punish us.

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**Who acts:** We, spirits · **What happens:** do, punish · **To what, where:** fathers, us

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, VII. the Thunder-bird of the Dakotas. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (We, spirits), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:76:22
# text = We must do as our fathers have done or the spirits of the dead will punish us.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
5	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	fathers	father	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	advcl	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	spirits	spirit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nsubj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	dead	dead	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	nmod	_	_
15	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	16	aux	_	_
16	punish	punish	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	parataxis	_	_
17	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | must | We |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **do** | present · perfect · passive |  | our fathers |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality |
| 3 | **punish** | future | the spirits of the dead | us |  |  |  |  | vn prosecute-33.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent we=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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