---
title: The white-haired chief told the canoe to stop by the little hill on… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The white-haired chief told the canoe to stop by the little hill on the shore where sat the three Indians; it came there and stopped. Who acts: white haired chief, canoe. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, How He United the Five Nations, with its de
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, How He United the Five Nations, sentence 11

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The white-haired chief told the canoe to stop by the little hill on the shore where sat the three Indians; it came there and stopped.

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**Who acts:** white haired chief, canoe · **What happens:** tell, stop, sit, come · **To what, where:** canoe, three Indians · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, How He United the Five Nations. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (white haired chief, canoe), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:77:11
# text = The white-haired chief told the canoe to stop by the little hill on the shore where sat the three Indians; it came there and stopped.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
2	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	haired	haired	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	chief	chief	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	told	tell	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	canoe	canoe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	iobj	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	stop	stop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
11	by	by	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	hill	hill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
15	on	on	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	shore	shore	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	_
18	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	19	advmod	_	_
19	sat	sit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	acl:relcl	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
21	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	22	nummod	_	_
22	Indians	Indian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	19	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	25	punct	_	_
24	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj	_	_
25	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
26	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	25	advmod	_	_
27	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
28	stopped	stop	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tell** *speech: assert* | past | the white haired chief |  | the canoe |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent canoe=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **stop** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | the white haired chief *not said here* |  |  |  |  | by the little hill on the shore | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 3 | **sit** | past |  | the three Indians |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location indian=Theme |
| 4 | **come** | past | canoe |  |  | there |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **stop** | past | canoe *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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