---
title: They had left no trail. — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: They had left no trail. Who acts: moose. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, X. Legend of the Arbutus, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, X. Legend of the Arbutus, sentence 14

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They had left no trail.

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**Who acts:** moose · **What happens:** leave · **To what, where:** trail

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, X. Legend of the Arbutus. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (moose), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:79:14
# text = They had left no trail.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	5	det	_	_
5	trail	trail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | past · perfect | moose | no trail |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent trail=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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