---
title: The Leni Lennape, or Delaware Indians, kept a curious record of thei… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The Leni Lennape, or Delaware Indians, kept a curious record of their early history by means of sticks which were notched and painted; these sticks were about six inches long. Who acts: Leni Lennape, sticks. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Indian
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Indian Records, sentence 1

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The Leni Lennape, or Delaware Indians, kept a curious record of their early history by means of sticks which were notched and painted; these sticks were about six inches long.

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**Who acts:** Leni Lennape, sticks · **What happens:** keep, mean, notch, paint, be, record · **To what, where:** curious record, sticks, early history

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Indian Records. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Leni Lennape, sticks), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:8:1
# text = The Leni Lennape, or Delaware Indians, kept a curious record of their early history by means of sticks which were notched and painted; these sticks were about six inches long.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Leni	Leni	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	Lennape	Lennape	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
6	Delaware	Delaware	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	Indians	Indian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
9	kept	keep	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	curious	curious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	record	record	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
15	early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
17	by	by	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	parataxis	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	sticks	stick	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obl	_	_
21	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	23	nsubj:pass	_	_
22	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	aux:pass	_	_
23	notched	notch	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	20	acl:relcl	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
25	painted	paint	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	23	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	33	punct	_	_
27	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	28	det	_	_
28	sticks	stick	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	nsubj	_	_
29	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	33	cop	_	_
30	about	about	ADV	RB	_	31	advmod	_	_
31	six	six	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	32	nummod	_	_
32	inches	inch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	obl:unmarked	_	_
33	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | past | the Leni Lennape or Delaware Indians | a curious record of Lennape's early history |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent record=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | of sticks | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **notch** | past · passive |  | sticks |  |  |  |  | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 4 | **paint** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **is** | past | this sticks |  |  |  |  | six inches *obl:unmarked*; long *property* | tree rules |
| 6 | **record** |  |  | Lennape's early history |  |  |  |  | nom record «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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