---
title: These are believed to have been made by a people, long ago extinct,… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: These are believed to have been made by a people, long ago extinct, who may have fought the Delawares. Who acts: people. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Indian Records, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Indian Records, sentence 14

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These are believed to have been made by a people, long ago extinct, who may have fought the Delawares.

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**Who acts:** people · **What happens:** believe, make, fight · **To what, where:** These, Delawares

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Indian Records. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:8:14
# text = These are believed to have been made by a people, long ago extinct, who may have fought the Delawares.
1	These	this	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	believed	believe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
5	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	aux	_	_
6	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	xcomp	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl:agent	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	14	advmod	_	_
13	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
14	extinct	extinct	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
16	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	19	nsubj	_	_
17	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	19	aux	_	_
18	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	aux	_	_
19	fought	fight	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	14	conj	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	Delawares	delaware	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **believe** | present · passive |  | These |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | to-infinitive · perfect · passive | a people |  |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **fight** | may · perfect |  | the Delawares |  |  |  | who *nsubj* | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent delaware=Co-Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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