---
title: The last marks upon these painted sticks are said to mean: “The whit… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The last marks upon these painted sticks are said to mean: “The white men have come from the north and the south. Who acts: white men. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Indian Records, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Indian Records, sentence 16

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The last marks upon these painted sticks are said to mean: “The white men have come from the north and the south.

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**Who acts:** white men · **What happens:** paint, say, mean, come · **To what, where:** last marks, north · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Indian Records. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (white men), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:8:16
# text = The last marks upon these painted sticks are said to mean: “The white men have come from the north and the south.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	marks	mark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	7	det	_	_
6	painted	paint	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	amod	_	_
7	sticks	stick	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
8	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	said	say	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
13	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nsubj	_	_
17	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
18	come	come	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	9	conj	_	_
19	from	from	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	north	north	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	south	south	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **paint** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | present · passive |  | the last marks upon this painted sticks |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **mean** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **come** *in a quote* | present · perfect | the white men |  |  | the north and the south |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from north=Initial\_Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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