---
title: Each painted notch indicated some great event in their nation’s hist… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: Each painted notch indicated some great event in their nation’s history. Who acts: painted notch. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Indian Records, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Indian Records, sentence 2

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Each painted notch indicated some great event in their nation’s history.

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**Who acts:** painted notch · **What happens:** paint, indicate · **To what, where:** great event, history

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Indian Records. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (painted notch), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:8:2
# text = Each painted notch indicated some great event in their nation’s history.
1	Each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	3	det	_	_
2	painted	paint	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	amod	_	_
3	notch	notch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	indicated	indicate	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	7	det	_	_
6	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	event	event	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
9	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	nation	nation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	’s	's	PART	POS	_	10	case	_	_
12	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **paint** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **indicate** | past | each painted notch | some great event |  | sticks's nation's history |  |  | vn indicate-78-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot event=Topic |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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