---
title: The meanings of the notches were taught by old chiefs to the younger… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The meanings of the notches were taught by old chiefs to the younger ones, and the stories have been repeated for hundreds of years. Who acts: old chiefs. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Indian Records, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Indian Records, sentence 3

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The meanings of the notches were taught by old chiefs to the younger ones, and the stories have been repeated for hundreds of years.

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**Who acts:** old chiefs · **What happens:** teach, repeat, mean · **To what, where:** meanings, younger ones, stories, notches

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Indian Records. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (old chiefs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:8:3
# text = The meanings of the notches were taught by old chiefs to the younger ones, and the stories have been repeated for hundreds of years.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	meanings	meaning	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	notches	notch	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	taught	teach	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	chiefs	chief	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	younger	young	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	14	amod	_	_
14	ones	one	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	stories	story	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	nsubj:pass	_	_
19	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
20	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	21	aux:pass	_	_
21	repeated	repeat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	conj	_	_
22	for	for	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	hundreds	hundred	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	obl	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **teach** *speech: other* | past · passive | old chiefs | the meanings of the notches | the younger ones |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent subject=Topic to one=Recipient |
| 2 | **repeat** | present · perfect · passive |  | the stories |  |  |  | for hundreds of years | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality |
| 3 | **mean** |  |  | the notches |  |  |  |  | nom meaning «communication transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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