---
title: A white man, who proved himself a true friend to the Leni Lennapes,… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: A white man, who proved himself a true friend to the Leni Lennapes, gained their confidence and they told him the secrets that were kept by the painted sticks. Who acts: white man, Men, painted sticks. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Indian Recor
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Indian Records, sentence 6

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A white man, who proved himself a true friend to the Leni Lennapes, gained their confidence and they told him the secrets that were kept by the painted sticks.

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**Who acts:** white man, Men, painted sticks · **What happens:** prove, gain, tell, keep, paint, confide · **To what, where:** Leni, confidence, secrets · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Indian Records. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (white man, Men, painted sticks), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:8:6
# text = A white man, who proved himself a true friend to the Leni Lennapes, gained their confidence and they told him the secrets that were kept by the painted sticks.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	proved	prove	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
7	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	6	obj	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	Leni	Leni	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	Lennapes	lennape	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
16	gained	gain	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
17	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	nmod:poss	_	_
18	confidence	confidence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
20	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
21	told	tell	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	conj	_	_
22	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	iobj	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	secrets	secret	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	obj	_	_
25	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	27	nsubj:pass	_	_
26	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	27	aux:pass	_	_
27	kept	keep	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	24	acl:relcl	_	_
28	by	by	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
30	painted	paint	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	31	amod	_	_
31	sticks	stick	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	16	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **prove** | past | a white man | Leni |  |  |  | a true friend *obj* | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent himself=Theme friend=Attribute |
| 2 | **gain** | past | a white man | Men's confidence |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent confidence=Theme |
| 3 | **tell** *speech: assert* | past | Men *= man* | the secrets | Leni |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent he=Recipient secret=Topic |
| 4 | **keep** | past · passive | the painted sticks | the secrets |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme |
| 5 | **paint** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **confide** |  | Men *= man* |  |  |  |  |  | nom confidence «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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