---
title: All the other Indians in the whole world suffered from cold and dark… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: All the other Indians in the whole world suffered from cold and darkness and had no water. Who acts: other Indians. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XIII. How Light, Fire, and Water First Came to the World, with its dependency tree and the pragmat
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XIII. How Light, Fire, and Water First Came to the World, sentence 4

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All the other Indians in the whole world suffered from cold and darkness and had no water.

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**Who acts:** other Indians · **What happens:** suffer, have · **To what, where:** cold, water

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XIII. How Light, Fire, and Water First Came to the World. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (other Indians), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:82:4
# text = All the other Indians in the whole world suffered from cold and darkness and had no water.
1	All	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	4	det:predet	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	Indians	Indian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	whole	whole	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
9	suffered	suffer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	from	from	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	obl	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	darkness	darkness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	conj	_	_
16	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	17	det	_	_
17	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **suffer** | past | all other Indians in the whole world |  |  | cold and darkness |  |  | vn marvel-31.3 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **have** | past | all other Indians in the whole world *not said here* | no water |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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