---
title: The top of the mountain fell toward the Kaidahs. — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The top of the mountain fell toward the Kaidahs. Who acts: top. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XIV. How the Copper Mountain Came to Fall, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XIV. How the Copper Mountain Came to Fall, sentence 14

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The top of the mountain fell toward the Kaidahs.

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**Who acts:** top · **What happens:** fall · **To what, where:** Kaidahs

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XIV. How the Copper Mountain Came to Fall. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (top), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:83:14
# text = The top of the mountain fell toward the Kaidahs.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	toward	toward	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	Kaidahs	Kaidahs	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall** | past | the top of the mountain |  |  | the Kaidahs |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme toward kaidahs=Initial\_Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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