---
title: This wigwam is made of the smoke of burning rivers. — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: This wigwam is made of the smoke of burning rivers. Who acts: burning rivers. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XV. the Sun and the Moon, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, XV. the Sun and the Moon, sentence 14

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This wigwam is made of the smoke of burning rivers.

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**Who acts:** burning rivers · **What happens:** make, burn, smoke · **To what, where:** wigwam

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, XV. the Sun and the Moon. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (burning rivers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:84:14
# text = This wigwam is made of the smoke of burning rivers.
1	This	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	wigwam	wigwam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	smoke	smoke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	burning	burn	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	amod	_	_
10	rivers	river	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · passive |  | this wigwam |  |  |  | of the smoke of burning rivers | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |
| 2 | **burn** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **smoke** |  | burning rivers |  |  |  |  |  | nom smoke «phenomenon intransitive»: of=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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