---
title: The spirit believed by the Senecas to rule the clouds and air. — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: The spirit believed by the Senecas to rule the clouds and air. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Key to Marks of Pronunciation, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/86/44/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Wigwam stories told by North American…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/) / [Key to Marks of Pronunciation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/86/) / 44

# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Key to Marks of Pronunciation, sentence 44

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The spirit believed by the Senecas to rule the clouds and air.

<!-- .vintro -->
**What happens:** believe, rule · **To what, where:** spirit, clouds

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Key to Marks of Pronunciation. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:86:44
# text = The spirit believed by the Senecas to rule the clouds and air.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	spirit	spirit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	believed	believe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	Senecas	seneca	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	rule	rule	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	clouds	cloud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **believe** | participle |  | the spirit *not said here* |  |  |  | by the Senecas | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **rule** | to-infinitive |  | the clouds and air |  |  |  |  | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cloud=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [sentence 43](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/86/43/)
- next →: [sentence 45](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/86/45/)
- ↑ back to [Key to Marks of Pronunciation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/86/)