---
title: Wampum has been used among the Indians east of the Rocky Mountains s… — Wigwam stories told by North American Indians · tree and pragmatics
description: Wampum has been used among the Indians east of the Rocky Mountains since the whites first had dealings with them. Who acts: whites. A sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Wampum Money, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, Wampum Money, sentence 1

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Wampum has been used among the Indians east of the Rocky Mountains since the whites first had dealings with them.

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**Who acts:** whites · **What happens:** use, have · **To what, where:** Wampum, dealings

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This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Wampum Money. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (whites), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73136:9:1
# text = Wampum has been used among the Indians east of the Rocky Mountains since the whites first had dealings with them.
1	Wampum	wampum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	among	among	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	Indians	Indian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	8	compound	_	_
8	east	east	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	Rocky	Rocky	PROPN	NNP	_	12	compound	_	_
12	Mountains	Mountain	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	_
13	since	since	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	whites	white	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nsubj	_	_
16	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	17	advmod	_	_
17	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	_
18	dealings	dealing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obj	_	_
19	with	with	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present · perfect · passive |  | Wampum |  |  |  | among the Indians east of the Rocky Mountains | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **have** | past | the whites | dealings |  |  |  | with dealings *= dealing*; first *property* | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dealing=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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