---
title: He worsted them, and the heads of the slain he and his followers hac… — Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury,… · tree and pragmatics
description: He worsted them, and the heads of the slain he and his followers hacked off with their stone _patus_ and axes. Who acts: warrior, heads. A sentence of «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, The Port Hills and Their Names., with its dependency tree and the pragm
---

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# Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand, The Port Hills and Their Names., sentence 32

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He worsted them, and the heads of the slain he and his followers hacked off with their stone \_patus\_ and axes.

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**Who acts:** warrior, heads · **What happens:** worst, hack off · **To what, where:** breakwaters, patus

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This is a sentence of «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, The Port Hills and Their Names.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (warrior, heads), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73766:10:32
# text = He worsted them, and the heads of the slain he and his followers hacked off with their stone _patus_ and axes.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	worsted	worst	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	heads	head	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nsubj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	slain	slain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
11	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
14	followers	follower	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	conj	_	_
15	hacked	hack	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
16	off	off	ADP	RP	_	15	compound:prt	_	_
17	with	with	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
19	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
20	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	patus	patus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	21	punct	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
24	axes	ax	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **worst** | past | warrior | breakwaters *= breakwater* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **hack off** | past | the heads of the slain | patus and axes |  |  |  | with breakwaters's stone; warrior *nsubj* | vn cut-21.1-1 «NP V PP PP»: agent=Agent with stone=Instrument |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, Project Gutenberg book 73766 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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