---
title: Led by the scouts--the _torotoro_--the invaders rushed upon the Ngat… — Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury,… · tree and pragmatics
description: Led by the scouts--the _torotoro_--the invaders rushed upon the Ngati-Mamoe some of whom they killed. Who acts: invaders. A sentence of «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, The Port Hills and Their Names., with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every 
---

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# Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand, The Port Hills and Their Names., sentence 42

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Led by the scouts--the \_torotoro\_--the invaders rushed upon the Ngati-Mamoe some of whom they killed.

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**Who acts:** invaders · **What happens:** lead, rush, kill · **To what, where:** Ngati Mamoe

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This is a sentence of «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, The Port Hills and Their Names.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (invaders), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73766:10:42
# text = Led by the scouts--the _torotoro_--the invaders rushed upon the Ngati-Mamoe some of whom they killed.
1	Led	lead	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
2	by	by	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	scouts	scout	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	--	--	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	torotoro	torotoro	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	--	--	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	invaders	invader	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
13	rushed	rush	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	parataxis	_	_
14	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
16	Ngati	Ngati	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	Mamoe	Mamoe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
19	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	18	conj	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	whom	whom	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	19	nmod	_	_
22	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj	_	_
23	killed	kill	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lead** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | by the scouts | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent by scout=Destination |
| 2 | **rush** | past | the invaders |  |  | the Ngati Mamoe |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme upon mamoe=Trajectory |
| 3 | **kill** | past | invaders *= invader* |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, Project Gutenberg book 73766 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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