---
title: The survivors fled over the hills to Manuka, a large _pa_ which it i… — Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury,… · tree and pragmatics
description: The survivors fled over the hills to Manuka, a large _pa_ which it is believed stood on a knoll at the foot of the range not far from Tai Tapu. Who acts: survivors. A sentence of «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, The Port Hills and Their Names., with its d
---

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# Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand, The Port Hills and Their Names., sentence 43

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The survivors fled over the hills to Manuka, a large \_pa\_ which it is believed stood on a knoll at the foot of the range not far from Tai Tapu.

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**Who acts:** survivors · **What happens:** flee, believe, stand · **To what, where:** Manuka, hills, large \_ pa, knoll

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This is a sentence of «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, The Port Hills and Their Names.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (survivors), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73766:10:43
# text = The survivors fled over the hills to Manuka, a large _pa_ which it is believed stood on a knoll at the foot of the range not far from Tai Tapu.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	survivors	survivor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	fled	flee	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	over	over	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	hills	hill	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Manuka	Manuka	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
11	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
12	_	_	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	pa	pa	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	13	punct	_	_
15	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	18	nsubj:pass	_	_
16	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj:pass	_	_
17	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux:pass	_	_
18	believed	believe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	acl:relcl	_	_
19	stood	stand	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	18	xcomp	_	_
20	on	on	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	knoll	knoll	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
23	at	at	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	foot	foot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
26	of	of	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	range	range	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	nmod	_	_
29	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	30	advmod	_	_
30	far	far	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	32	advmod	_	_
31	from	from	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	Tai	Tai	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	28	nmod	_	_
33	Tapu	Tapu	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	32	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **flee** | past | the survivors |  | Manuka | the hills |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location PP.destination»: agent=Theme over hill=Initial\_Location to manuka=Destination |
| 2 | **believe** | present · passive |  | a large \_ pa |  |  |  | pa *nsubj:pass* | tree rules |
| 3 | **stand** | participle |  |  |  | a knoll |  | at the foot of the range from Tai | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on knoll=Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, Project Gutenberg book 73766 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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