---
title: Immediately below us, in the gully that long ago was a channel for l… — Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury,… · tree and pragmatics
description: Immediately below us, in the gully that long ago was a channel for lava flow, the rocky depths are softened by the foliage of a fragment of the olden bush, a green covering for the valley floor. Who acts: that, foliage. A sentence of «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by J
---

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# Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand, “the Crest of the Rainbow.”, sentence 12

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Immediately below us, in the gully that long ago was a channel for lava flow, the rocky depths are softened by the foliage of a fragment of the olden bush, a green covering for the valley floor.

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**Who acts:** that, foliage · **What happens:** be, soften · **To what, where:** channel, rocky depths

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This is a sentence of «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, “the Crest of the Rainbow.”. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (that, foliage), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73766:11:12
# text = Immediately below us, in the gully that long ago was a channel for lava flow, the rocky depths are softened by the foliage of a fragment of the olden bush, a green covering for the valley floor.
1	Immediately	immediately	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	below	below	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	gully	gully	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	appos	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	nsubj	_	_
9	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	10	advmod	_	_
10	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
11	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	channel	channel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	parataxis	_	_
14	for	for	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	flow	flow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	rocky	rocky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	depths	depth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	nsubj:pass	_	_
21	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	22	aux:pass	_	_
22	softened	soften	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	acl	_	_
23	by	by	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	foliage	foliage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	_
26	of	of	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	fragment	fragment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	nmod	_	_
29	of	of	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
31	olden	olden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	32	amod	_	_
32	bush	bush	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	36	punct	_	_
34	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
35	green	green	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	36	amod	_	_
36	covering	covering	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	conj	_	_
37	for	for	ADP	IN	_	40	case	_	_
38	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	40	det	_	_
39	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	40	compound	_	_
40	floor	floor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | that | a channel |  |  |  | for lava flow; ago *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **soften** | present · passive | the foliage of a fragment of the olden bush and a green covering for the valley floor | the rocky depths |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, Project Gutenberg book 73766 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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