---
title: Now we turn and, passing a rugged cornice in the lava wall, descend… — Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury,… · tree and pragmatics
description: Now we turn and, passing a rugged cornice in the lava wall, descend into the gully to examine for ourselves the tree-covering of old Kahukura’s shoulders. Who acts: we. A sentence of «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, “the Crest of the Rainbow.”, with its d
---

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# Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand, “the Crest of the Rainbow.”, sentence 28

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Now we turn and, passing a rugged cornice in the lava wall, descend into the gully to examine for ourselves the tree-covering of old Kahukura’s shoulders.

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**Who acts:** we · **What happens:** turn, pass, descend, examine · **To what, where:** rugged cornice, lava wall, gully, tree covering

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This is a sentence of «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, “the Crest of the Rainbow.”. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (we), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73766:11:28
# text = Now we turn and, passing a rugged cornice in the lava wall, descend into the gully to examine for ourselves the tree-covering of old Kahukura’s shoulders.
1	Now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	3	advmod	_	_
2	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	turn	turn	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	passing	pass	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	conj	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	rugged	rugged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	cornice	cornice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	wall	wall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	descend	descend	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
16	into	into	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	gully	gully	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
19	to	to	PART	TO	_	20	mark	_	_
20	examine	examine	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	advcl	_	_
21	for	for	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	ourselves	ourselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	20	obl	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
24	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	24	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	covering	covering	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	_
27	of	of	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
28	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	Kahukura	Kahukura	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	31	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	’s	's	PART	POS	_	29	case	_	_
31	shoulders	shoulder	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **turn** | present | we |  |  |  | now |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **pass** | gerund | we *not said here* | a rugged cornice |  | the lava wall |  |  | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent cornice=Theme in wall=Destination |
| 3 | **descend** | present | we *not said here* |  |  | the gully |  |  | vn meander-47.7-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme into gully=Location |
| 4 | **examine** | to-infinitive | we *not said here* | the tree covering of old Kahukura's shoulders |  |  |  | for ourselves | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent covering=Theme for ourselves=Attribute |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, Project Gutenberg book 73766 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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