---
title: In the next main gully to the northward, the Taungahara bush, on the… — Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury,… · tree and pragmatics
description: In the next main gully to the northward, the Taungahara bush, on the Native reserve, there is at least one fine _totara_, and some big fellows were cut down there not so very long ago by the Rapaki people for fencing posts. Who acts: one fine totara, Rapaki people. A sentence of «Maori folk-tales of
---

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# Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand, “the Crest of the Rainbow.”, sentence 68

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In the next main gully to the northward, the Taungahara bush, on the Native reserve, there is at least one fine \_totara\_, and some big fellows were cut down there not so very long ago by the Rapaki people for fencing posts.

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**Who acts:** one fine totara, Rapaki people · **What happens:** be, cut down · **To what, where:** big fellows, next main gully

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This is a sentence of «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, “the Crest of the Rainbow.”. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (one fine totara, Rapaki people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73766:11:68
# text = In the next main gully to the northward, the Taungahara bush, on the Native reserve, there is at least one fine _totara_, and some big fellows were cut down there not so very long ago by the Rapaki people for fencing posts.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
3	next	next	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	main	main	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	gully	gully	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	northward	northward	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	Taungahara	Taungahara	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	bush	bush	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
14	on	on	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	Native	native	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	reserve	reserve	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	20	expl	_	_
20	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	parataxis	_	_
21	at	at	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	least	least	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	23	nmod	_	_
23	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	26	nummod	_	_
24	fine	fine	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	_
25	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	24	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	totara	totara	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
30	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	32	det	_	_
31	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	32	amod	_	_
32	fellows	fellow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	34	nsubj:pass	_	_
33	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	34	aux:pass	_	_
34	cut	cut	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
35	down	down	ADP	RP	_	34	compound:prt	_	_
36	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	34	advmod	_	_
37	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	38	advmod	_	_
38	so	so	ADV	RB	_	40	advmod	_	_
39	very	very	ADV	RB	_	40	advmod	_	_
40	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	41	advmod	_	_
41	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	34	advmod	_	_
42	by	by	ADP	IN	_	45	case	_	_
43	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	45	det	_	_
44	Rapaki	Rapaki	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	45	compound	_	_
45	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	34	obl:agent	_	_
46	for	for	ADP	IN	_	48	case	_	_
47	fencing	fencing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	48	compound	_	_
48	posts	post	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	45	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
49	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | present | one fine totara |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **cut down** | past · passive | the Rapaki people for fencing posts | some big fellows |  | there |  | ago *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, Project Gutenberg book 73766 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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