---
title: Remains there but a remnant from the general slaughter with fire and… — Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury,… · tree and pragmatics
description: Remains there but a remnant from the general slaughter with fire and axe and crosscut saw--a copse on yonder rocky point on the Lyttelton side of the hamlet, where the poetically named _ake-rautangi_, the _ake_ of the “crying leaves” and a few other shrubs hold their little stony fort; and in Taare 
---

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# Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand, Rapaki: a Village By the Sea., sentence 65

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Remains there but a remnant from the general slaughter with fire and axe and crosscut saw--a copse on yonder rocky point on the Lyttelton side of the hamlet, where the poetically named \_ake-rautangi\_, the \_ake\_ of the “crying leaves” and a few other shrubs hold their little stony fort; and in Taare Tikao’s garden the \_kaumatua\_ has some treasured plants, such as the handsome \_rau-tawhiri\_ shrub, and the flowering \_hakeke\_, a variety of \_ake\_, the leaves of which when crushed in the hand have a lemon-like perfume; the Natives used to boil them for the \_hinu kakara\_, the fragrant oil expressed.

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**Who acts:** Remains, \_, kaumatua, flowering, leaves, Natives · **What happens:** see, name, ake, cry, hold, have · **To what, where:** copse, rocky point, rautangi, little stony fort, treasured plants, garden · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, Rapaki: a Village By the Sea.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Remains, \_, kaumatua, flowering), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

<!-- .note-en -->
**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73766:12:65
# text = Remains there but a remnant from the general slaughter with fire and axe and crosscut saw--a copse on yonder rocky point on the Lyttelton side of the hamlet, where the poetically named _ake-rautangi_, the _ake_ of the “crying leaves” and a few other shrubs hold their little stony fort; and in Taare Tikao’s garden the _kaumatua_ has some treasured plants, such as the handsome _rau-tawhiri_ shrub, and the flowering _hakeke_, a variety of _ake_, the leaves of which when crushed in the hand have a lemon-like perfume; the Natives used to boil them for the _hinu kakara_, the fragrant oil expressed.
1	Remains	remains	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	16	nsubj	_	_
2	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	1	advmod	_	_
3	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	remnant	remnant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	general	general	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	slaughter	slaughter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	axe	axe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	crosscut	crosscut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
16	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	--	--	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	copse	copse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
20	on	on	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
21	yonder	yonder	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	_
22	rocky	rocky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	point	point	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	_
24	on	on	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
26	Lyttelton	Lyttelton	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	27	compound	_	_
27	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	_
28	of	of	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	hamlet	hamlet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	35	punct	_	_
32	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	35	advmod	_	_
33	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
34	poetically	poetically	ADV	RB	_	35	advmod	_	_
35	named	name	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	30	acl:relcl	_	_
36	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	37	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	ake	ake	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	39	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	rautangi	rautangi	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	37	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	44	punct	_	_
42	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	43	det	_	_
43	_	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	44	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
44	ake	ake	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
45	_	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	57	nsubj	_	_
46	of	of	ADP	IN	_	50	case	_	_
47	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	50	det	_	_
48	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	50	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
49	crying	cry	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	50	amod	_	_
50	leaves	leaf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	45	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
51	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	50	punct	_	_
52	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	56	cc	_	_
53	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	56	det	_	_
54	few	few	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	56	amod	_	_
55	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	56	amod	_	_
56	shrubs	shrub	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	50	conj	_	_
57	hold	hold	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	44	conj	_	_
58	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	61	nmod:poss	_	_
59	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	61	amod	_	_
60	stony	stony	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	61	amod	_	_
61	fort	fort	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	57	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
62	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	73	punct	_	_
63	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	73	cc	_	_
64	in	in	ADP	IN	_	68	case	_	_
65	Taare	Taare	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	68	nmod:poss	_	_
66	Tikao	Tikao	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	65	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
67	’s	's	PART	POS	_	65	case	_	_
68	garden	garden	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	73	obl	_	_
69	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	71	det	_	_
70	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	71	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
71	kaumatua	kaumatua	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	73	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
72	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	71	punct	_	_
73	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	parataxis	_	_
74	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	76	det	_	_
75	treasured	treasure	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	76	amod	_	_
76	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	73	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
77	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	85	punct	_	_
78	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	85	case	_	_
79	as	as	ADP	IN	_	78	fixed	_	_
80	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	83	det	_	_
81	handsome	handsome	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	83	amod	_	_
82	_	_	PUNCT	HYPH	_	81	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
83	rau	rau	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	85	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
84	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	83	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
85	tawhiri	tawhiri	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	76	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
86	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	87	punct	_	_
87	shrub	shrub	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	76	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
88	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	100	punct	_	_
89	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	100	cc	_	_
90	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	91	det	_	_
91	flowering	flowering	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	100	nsubj	_	_
92	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	93	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
93	hakeke	hakeke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	91	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
94	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	93	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
95	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	97	punct	_	_
96	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	97	det	_	_
97	variety	variety	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	91	appos	_	_
98	of	of	ADP	IN	_	99	case	_	_
99	_	_	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	97	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
100	ake	ake	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
101	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	100	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
102	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	104	punct	_	_
103	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	104	det	_	_
104	leaves	leaf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	112	nsubj	_	_
105	of	of	ADP	IN	_	106	case	_	_
106	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	108	nsubj:pass	_	_
107	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	108	advmod	_	_
108	crushed	crush	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	104	acl:relcl	_	_
109	in	in	ADP	IN	_	111	case	_	_
110	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	111	det	_	_
111	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	108	obl	_	_
112	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	100	parataxis	_	_
113	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	117	det	_	_
114	lemon	lemon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	116	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
115	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	114	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
116	like	like	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	117	amod	_	_
117	perfume	perfume	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	112	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
118	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	121	punct	_	_
119	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	120	det	_	_
120	Natives	native	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	121	nsubj	_	_
121	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	conj	_	_
122	to	to	PART	TO	_	123	mark	_	_
123	boil	boil	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	121	xcomp	_	_
124	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	123	obj	_	_
125	for	for	ADP	IN	_	128	case	_	_
126	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	128	det	_	_
127	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	128	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
128	hinu	hinu	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	123	obj	_	_
129	kakara	kakara	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	128	flat:foreign	_	SpaceAfter=No
130	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	121	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
131	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	134	punct	_	_
132	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	134	det	_	_
133	fragrant	fragrant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	134	amod	_	_
134	oil	oil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	121	obl	_	_
135	expressed	express	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	134	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
136	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	16	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | Remains but a remnant from the general slaughter with fire and axe and crosscut | a copse |  | rocky point on the Lyttelton side of the hamlet |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **name** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | poetically *property* | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **ake** | infinitive |  | rautangi |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **ake** | present | the \_ |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **cry** *speech: express* *in a quote* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **hold** | present | \_ of the crying leaves and a few other shrubs | Remains's little stony fort |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fort=Theme |
| 7 | **have** | present | the kaumatua | some treasured plants and rau tawhiri and shrub |  | Taare's garden |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plant=Patient |
| 8 | **treasure** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer |
| 9 | **ake** | present | the flowering |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 10 | **crush** | participle · passive |  | the leaves |  | the hand |  |  | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 11 | **have** | present | the leaves | a like perfume |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent perfume=Patient |
| 12 | **use** | past | the Natives | the fragrant oil |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 13 | **boil** | to-infinitive | the Natives *not said here* | Natives *= native* |  |  |  |  | vn preparing-26.3-2 «NP V NP.beneficiary NP»: agent=Agent they=Beneficiary hinu=Patient |
| 14 | **express** | participle |  | the fragrant oil *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn reflexive\_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, Project Gutenberg book 73766 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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