--- title: With a number of companions and food bearers the barefooted explorer… — Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury,… · tree and pragmatics description: With a number of companions and food bearers the barefooted explorer trudged across country, through the unpeopled tussock prairies of Otago and the plains now known as Canterbury, fording or swimming the rivers or crossing them on rude rafts (_mokihi_) made of bundles of flax-stalks or of dried _ra --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73766/13/20/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [tales](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/) / [Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Ca…](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73766/) / [How the Sacred Fire Came to Witch Hill.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73766/13/) / 20 # Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand, How the Sacred Fire Came to Witch Hill., sentence 20 With a number of companions and food bearers the barefooted explorer trudged across country, through the unpeopled tussock prairies of Otago and the plains now known as Canterbury, fording or swimming the rivers or crossing them on rude rafts (\_mokihi\_) made of bundles of flax-stalks or of dried \_raupo\_, until he reached the hills that wall in Lyttelton Harbour. **Who acts:** Canterbury · **What happens:** trudge, unpeopl, know, ford, swim, cross · **To what, where:** barefooted explorer, country, rivers, rude rafts, mokihi, hills This is a sentence of «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, How the Sacred Fire Came to Witch Hill.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Canterbury), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = book:pg73766:13:20 # text = With a number of companions and food bearers the barefooted explorer trudged across country, through the unpeopled tussock prairies of Otago and the plains now known as Canterbury, fording or swimming the rivers or crossing them on rude rafts (_mokihi_) made of bundles of flax-stalks or of dried _raupo_, until he reached the hills that wall in Lyttelton Harbour. 1 With with ADP IN _ 3 case _ _ 2 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 3 det _ _ 3 number number NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 4 of of ADP IN _ 5 case _ _ 5 companions companion NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 nmod _ _ 6 and and CCONJ CC _ 8 cc _ _ 7 food food NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 compound _ _ 8 bearers bearer NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 conj _ _ 9 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 11 det _ _ 10 barefooted barefooted ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 11 amod _ _ 11 explorer explorer NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 obj _ _ 12 trudged trudge VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 11 acl _ _ 13 across across ADP IN _ 14 case _ _ 14 country country NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 15 , , PUNCT , _ 20 punct _ _ 16 through through ADP IN _ 20 case _ _ 17 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 20 det _ _ 18 unpeopled unpeopl VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 20 amod _ _ 19 tussock tussock NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 compound _ _ 20 prairies prairie NOUN NNS Number=Plur 12 conj _ _ 21 of of ADP IN _ 22 case _ _ 22 Otago Otago PROPN NNP Number=Sing 20 nmod _ _ 23 and and CCONJ CC _ 25 cc _ _ 24 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 25 det _ _ 25 plains plain NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 conj _ _ 26 now now ADV RB PronType=Dem 27 advmod _ _ 27 known know VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 20 advcl _ _ 28 as as ADP IN _ 29 case _ _ 29 Canterbury Canterbury PROPN NNP Number=Sing 27 obl _ SpaceAfter=No 30 , , PUNCT , _ 31 punct _ _ 31 fording ford VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 27 advcl _ _ 32 or or CCONJ CC _ 33 cc _ _ 33 swimming swim VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 31 conj _ _ 34 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 35 det _ _ 35 rivers river NOUN NNS Number=Plur 33 obj _ _ 36 or or CCONJ CC _ 37 cc _ _ 37 crossing cross VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 31 conj _ _ 38 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 37 obj _ _ 39 on on ADP IN _ 41 case _ _ 40 rude rude ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 41 amod _ _ 41 rafts raft NOUN NNS Number=Plur 37 obl _ _ 42 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 44 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 43 _ _ PUNCT NFP _ 44 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 44 mokihi mokihi NOUN NN Number=Sing 41 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 45 _ _ PUNCT NFP _ 44 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 46 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 44 punct _ _ 47 made make VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 44 acl _ _ 48 of of ADP IN _ 49 case _ _ 49 bundles bundle NOUN NNS Number=Plur 47 obl _ _ 50 of of ADP IN _ 53 case _ _ 51 flax flax NOUN NN Number=Sing 53 compound _ SpaceAfter=No 52 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 51 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 53 stalks stalk NOUN NNS Number=Plur 49 nmod _ _ 54 or or CCONJ CC _ 58 cc _ _ 55 of of ADP IN _ 58 case _ _ 56 dried dry VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 58 amod _ _ 57 _ _ PUNCT NFP _ 56 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 58 raupo raupo NOUN NN Number=Sing 53 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 59 _ _ PUNCT NFP _ 58 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 60 , , PUNCT , _ 63 punct _ _ 61 until until SCONJ IN _ 63 mark _ _ 62 he he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 63 nsubj _ _ 63 reached reach VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 12 conj _ _ 64 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 65 det _ _ 65 hills hill NOUN NNS Number=Plur 63 obj _ _ 66 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 67 det _ _ 67 wall wall NOUN NN Number=Sing 65 nmod _ _ 68 in in ADP IN _ 70 case _ _ 69 Lyttelton Lyttelton PROPN NNP Number=Sing 70 compound _ _ 70 Harbour Harbour PROPN NNP Number=Sing 67 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 71 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **trudge** | participle | | the barefooted explorer *not said here* | | country | | the unpeopled tussock prairies of Otago and the plains *conj* | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme across country=Trajectory | | 2 | **unpeopl** | participle | | | | | | | tree rules | | 3 | **know** | participle | | | | | now | as Canterbury | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer as canterbury=Attribute | | 4 | **ford** | gerund | | | | | | | tree rules | | 5 | **swim** | gerund | | the rivers | | | | | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme river=Trajectory | | 6 | **cross** | gerund | | rivers *= river* | | rude rafts and mokihi | | | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient | | 7 | **make** | participle | | mokihi *not said here* | | | | of bundles of flax stalks or dried raupo | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset | | 8 | **dry** | participle | | | | | | | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | | 9 | **reach** | past | Canterbury | the hills that wall in Lyttelton Harbour | | | | | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent hill=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, Project Gutenberg book 73766 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order. - ← previous: [sentence 19](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73766/13/19/) - next →: [sentence 21](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73766/13/21/) - ↑ back to [How the Sacred Fire Came to Witch Hill.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73766/13/)