---
title: He travelled along the range-top, as was the way of the Maori explor… — Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury,… · tree and pragmatics
description: He travelled along the range-top, as was the way of the Maori explorer, until he neared the dip in the sharp ridge at the back of Rapaki, over which the Maoris and the pioneer white men made a track. Who acts: Canterbury, Maoris. A sentence of «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zea
---

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# Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand, How the Sacred Fire Came to Witch Hill., sentence 21

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He travelled along the range-top, as was the way of the Maori explorer, until he neared the dip in the sharp ridge at the back of Rapaki, over which the Maoris and the pioneer white men made a track.

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**Who acts:** Canterbury, Maoris · **What happens:** travel, be, near, make · **To what, where:** range top, dip, sharp ridge, track

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This is a sentence of «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, How the Sacred Fire Came to Witch Hill.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Canterbury, Maoris), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73766:13:21
# text = He travelled along the range-top, as was the way of the Maori explorer, until he neared the dip in the sharp ridge at the back of Rapaki, over which the Maoris and the pioneer white men made a track.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	travelled	travel	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	along	along	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	range	range	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	as	as	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	Maori	Maori	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	explorer	explorer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
18	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	20	mark	_	_
19	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	nsubj	_	_
20	neared	near	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	dip	dip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	_
23	in	in	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
25	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	_
26	ridge	ridge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	_
27	at	at	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	back	back	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	nmod	_	_
30	of	of	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
31	Rapaki	Rapaki	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	29	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	42	punct	_	_
33	over	over	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
34	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	42	obl	_	_
35	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
36	Maoris	Maoris	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	42	nsubj	_	_
37	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	42	cc	_	_
38	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	41	det	_	_
39	pioneer	pioneer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	41	compound	_	_
40	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	41	amod	_	_
41	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	42	nsubj	_	_
42	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	20	conj	_	_
43	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	44	det	_	_
44	track	track	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	42	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
45	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **travel** | past | Canterbury |  |  | the range top |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme along top=Trajectory |
| 2 | **is** | past |  |  |  |  |  | as the way; of the Maori explorer | tree rules |
| 3 | **near** | past | Canterbury | the dip |  | the sharp ridge at the back of Rapaki |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **make** | past | the Maoris | a track |  |  |  | which *obl*; the pioneer white men *nsubj* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent track=Product |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, Project Gutenberg book 73766 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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