---
title: He marched up on the coast to Kaikoura, and there or further north h… — Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury,… · tree and pragmatics
description: He marched up on the coast to Kaikoura, and there or further north he built a canoe, or, what is more probable, borrowed or forcibly appropriated one belonging to the _tangata whenua_ who must already have been living in the Marlborough country, and crossed to the North Island. Who acts: Tamatea. A 
---

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# Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand, How the Sacred Fire Came to Witch Hill., sentence 53

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He marched up on the coast to Kaikoura, and there or further north he built a canoe, or, what is more probable, borrowed or forcibly appropriated one belonging to the \_tangata whenua\_ who must already have been living in the Marlborough country, and crossed to the North Island.

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**Who acts:** Tamatea · **What happens:** march up, build, be, borrow, appropriate, belong · **To what, where:** Kaikoura, coast, canoe, one, Marlborough country, North Island

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This is a sentence of «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, How the Sacred Fire Came to Witch Hill.. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Tamatea), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg73766:13:53
# text = He marched up on the coast to Kaikoura, and there or further north he built a canoe, or, what is more probable, borrowed or forcibly appropriated one belonging to the _tangata whenua_ who must already have been living in the Marlborough country, and crossed to the North Island.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	marched	march	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	up	up	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	coast	coast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Kaikoura	Kaikoura	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	2	parataxis	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	further	further	ADV	RB	_	11	conj	_	_
14	north	north	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
15	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	built	build	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	canoe	canoe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
20	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
22	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	25	obl	_	_
23	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	25	cop	_	_
24	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	25	advmod	_	_
25	probable	probable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
27	borrowed	borrow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	25	conj	_	_
28	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
29	forcibly	forcibly	ADV	RB	_	30	advmod	_	_
30	appropriated	appropriate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	27	conj	_	_
31	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	30	obj	_	_
32	belonging	belong	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	30	advcl	_	_
33	to	to	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
35	_	_	PUNCT	``	_	37	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	tangata	tangata	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	compound	_	_
37	whenua	whenua	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	_	_	PUNCT	NFP	_	44	punct	_	_
39	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	44	nsubj	_	_
40	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	44	aux	_	_
41	already	already	ADV	RB	_	44	advmod	_	_
42	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	44	aux	_	_
43	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	44	aux	_	_
44	living	live	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	32	conj	_	_
45	in	in	ADP	IN	_	48	case	_	_
46	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	48	det	_	_
47	Marlborough	Marlborough	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	48	compound	_	_
48	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	44	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
49	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	51	punct	_	_
50	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	51	cc	_	_
51	crossed	cross	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	_
52	to	to	ADP	IN	_	55	case	_	_
53	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	55	det	_	_
54	North	North	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	55	compound	_	_
55	Island	Island	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	51	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
56	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **march up** | past | Tamatea |  | Kaikoura | the coast |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to kaikoura=Result |
| 2 | **build** | past | Tamatea | a canoe |  |  |  | north *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent canoe=Product |
| 3 | **is** | present | Tamatea *not said here* |  |  |  |  | what *obl*; probable *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **borrow** | participle | Tamatea *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **appropriate** | participle | Tamatea *not said here* | one |  |  |  | forcibly *property* | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent one=Theme |
| 6 | **belong** | gerund | Tamatea *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to the tangata whenua | vn attend-107.4-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme |
| 7 | **live** | must · perfect · progressive |  |  |  | the Marlborough country |  | who *nsubj* | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in country=Location |
| 8 | **cross** | participle | Tamatea *not said here* |  |  | the North Island |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to island=Initial\_Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Maori folk-tales of the Port Hills, Canterbury, New Zealand» by James Cowan, Project Gutenberg book 73766 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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